YEASTS
Dekkera anomala t/ Brettanomyces anomalus a
Kluyveromyces marxianus t/ Candida kefyr a
Pichia fermentans t/ C. firmetaria a
Yarrowia lipolytica t/ C. lipolytica a
Debaryomyces hansenii t/ C. famata a
Deb. [Schwanniomyces] occidentalis
Issatchenkia orientalis t/ C. krusei a
Galactomyces geotrichum t/ Geotrichum candidum a
C. friedrichii
C. rancens
C. tenuis
C. humilis
C. inconspicua
C. maris
Cryptococcus humicolus
Kluyveromyces lactis var. lactis
Kluyv. bulgaricus
Kluyv. lodderae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sacc. subsp. torulopsis holmii
Sacc. pastorianus
Sacc. humaticus
Sacc. unisporus
Sacc. exiguus
Sacc. turicensis sp. nov
Torulaspora delbrueckii t
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6465876
Kluyveromyces marxianus is a species of yeast in the genus Kluyveromyces, and is the sexual form (teleomorph) of Candida kefyr. K. marxianus is used commercially to produce the lactase enzyme similar to the use of other fungi such as those in the genus Aspergillus.[2]
It is produced as a nutritional yeast and bonding agent for fodder and pet food, and as a source of ribonucleic acid in pharmaceuticals.
Candida kefyr is a rare cause of candidiasis and is usually associated with superficial cutaneous manifestations rather than systemic disease. It has been isolated from nails and lung infections. Environmental isolations have been made from cheese and dairy products.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluyveromyces_marxianus
http://www.ncyc.co.uk/print-photo-ncyc-CBS712A.html
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Yeasts/Candida/Candida_keyfyr.html
Pichia fermentans t/ C. firmetaria a
A biofilm-forming strain of Pichia fermentans proved to be most effective in controlling brown rot on apple fruit when coinoculated into artificial wounds with a phytopathogenic isolate of Monilinia fructicola. Culture filtrates and autoclaved cells had no significant influence on the disease. When sprayed onto the apple fruit surface, this yeast formed a thin biofilm but failed to colonize the underlying tissues. When inoculated into wounds artificially inflicted to peach fruit or when sprayed onto the surface of peach fruit, the same strain showed an unexpected pathogenic behaviour, causing rapid decay of fruit tissues even in the absence of M. fructicola. Both optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the pattern of fruit tissue colonization by P. fermentans. While on apple surface and within the apple wound the antagonist retained its yeast-like shape, colonization of peach fruit tissue was always characterized by a transition from budding growth to pseudohyphal growth. These results suggest that pseudohyphal growth plays a major role in governing the potential pathogenicity of P. fermentans, further emphasizing the importance of a thorough risk assessment for the safe use of any novel biocontrol agent.
A biofilm-forming strain of Pichia fermentans proved to be most effective in controlling brown rot on apple fruit when coinoculated into artificial wounds with a phytopathogenic isolate of Monilinia fructicola. Culture filtrates and autoclaved cells had no significant influence on the disease. When sprayed onto the apple fruit surface, this yeast formed a thin biofilm but failed to colonize the underlying tissues. When inoculated into wounds artificially inflicted to peach fruit or when sprayed onto the surface of peach fruit, the same strain showed an unexpected pathogenic behaviour, causing rapid decay of fruit tissues even in the absence of M. fructicola. Both optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the pattern of fruit tissue colonization by P. fermentans. While on apple surface and within the apple wound the antagonist retained its yeast-like shape, colonization of peach fruit tissue was always characterized by a transition from budding growth to pseudohyphal growth. These results suggest that pseudohyphal growth plays a major role in governing the potential pathogenicity of P. fermentans, further emphasizing the importance of a thorough risk assessment for the safe use of any novel biocontrol agent.
http://eprints.uniss.it/213/
Yarrowia lipolytica t/ C. lipolytica a
This Study reviews the advantages of using Yarrowia lipolitica for protein secretion. The early steps were focused on (Cytoplasmic ribosomes to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum to the polypeptide). The first evidence of a co-translational translocation was discovered using a thermosensitive allele of the 7SL RNA. Several new components of the translocational apparatus were discovered.
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biotechnologie.de/BIO/Redaktion/Bilder/de/Newsfotos/hefe-yarrowia-lipo,property%253Dbild,bereich%253Dbio,sprache%253Dde.jpg&imgrefurl=http://benqc8508.01lx.net/yarrowia-lipolytica.html&usg=__9aCHYg5uZdNO21wu3Ol5OVPfL38=&h=416&w=572&sz=37&hl=en&start=0&sig2=V20QDz6fFpNY95KIVI5Ukg&zoom=1&tbnid=xrWWcqmVknxqLM:&tbnh=144&tbnw=234&ei=WPp8TbaRJMHBqwHygNWsCw&prev=/images%3Fq%3DYarrowia%2Blipolytica%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26biw%3D1020%26bih%3D595%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=200&oei=WPp8TbaRJMHBqwHygNWsCw&page=1&ndsp=13&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=99&ty=64
Debaryomyces hansenii t/ C. famata a
Debaryomyces hansenii is a hemiascomycetous yeast commonly found in natural substrates and in various types of cheese. Pichia guilliermondii is widely distributed in nature and is a common constituent of the normal human microflora. Both species have been described in human infections but are extremely difficult to differentiate phenotypically. Thus, frequent errors in identification occur. The 62 clinical and environmental isolates sent between 2000 and 2007 to the French National Reference Center for Mycoses and Antifungals as D. hansenii or P. guilliermondii were analyzed by using the carbon assimilation pattern, the presence of pseudohyphae, and sequencing of the ITS and D1/D2 regions of the rRNA gene. The objective of this study was to assess using nucleotide sequences whether phenotypic identification was accurate and whether phenotypic characteristics could be used to differentiate the two species when sequencing was not available. We found that 58% of the isolates were misidentified and belong to seven different species: P. guilliermondii, P. caribbica, P. jadinii, D. hansenii, Candida palmioleophila, C. haemulonii type II, and Clavispora lusitaniae. In conclusion, D. hansenii may not be as common a human pathogen as previously thought. Sequencing of either ITS or D1/D2 regions is a good tool for differentiating the species more frequently confused with D. hansenii, keeping in mind that reliable databases should be used.
http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/46/10/3237
http://www.diark.org/diark/species_list?query=Debaryomyces%20hansenii%20CBS767
Deb. [Schwanniomyces] occidentalis
This yeast has a high affinity K+ uptake system with the ability to hold high concentrations, allowing it to deplete the eternal K+. As an ascomycete yeast, it has the ability to grow in limiting conditions. In other words, it can very easily absorb the K+ from its surroundings even when conditions aren't favorable for most other organisms attempting to do the same task. This ability in return increases the driving force of the organism.
This Study reviews the advantages of using Yarrowia lipolitica for protein secretion. The early steps were focused on (Cytoplasmic ribosomes to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum to the polypeptide). The first evidence of a co-translational translocation was discovered using a thermosensitive allele of the 7SL RNA. Several new components of the translocational apparatus were discovered.
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biotechnologie.de/BIO/Redaktion/Bilder/de/Newsfotos/hefe-yarrowia-lipo,property%253Dbild,bereich%253Dbio,sprache%253Dde.jpg&imgrefurl=http://benqc8508.01lx.net/yarrowia-lipolytica.html&usg=__9aCHYg5uZdNO21wu3Ol5OVPfL38=&h=416&w=572&sz=37&hl=en&start=0&sig2=V20QDz6fFpNY95KIVI5Ukg&zoom=1&tbnid=xrWWcqmVknxqLM:&tbnh=144&tbnw=234&ei=WPp8TbaRJMHBqwHygNWsCw&prev=/images%3Fq%3DYarrowia%2Blipolytica%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26biw%3D1020%26bih%3D595%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=200&oei=WPp8TbaRJMHBqwHygNWsCw&page=1&ndsp=13&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=99&ty=64
Debaryomyces hansenii is a hemiascomycetous yeast commonly found in natural substrates and in various types of cheese. Pichia guilliermondii is widely distributed in nature and is a common constituent of the normal human microflora. Both species have been described in human infections but are extremely difficult to differentiate phenotypically. Thus, frequent errors in identification occur. The 62 clinical and environmental isolates sent between 2000 and 2007 to the French National Reference Center for Mycoses and Antifungals as D. hansenii or P. guilliermondii were analyzed by using the carbon assimilation pattern, the presence of pseudohyphae, and sequencing of the ITS and D1/D2 regions of the rRNA gene. The objective of this study was to assess using nucleotide sequences whether phenotypic identification was accurate and whether phenotypic characteristics could be used to differentiate the two species when sequencing was not available. We found that 58% of the isolates were misidentified and belong to seven different species: P. guilliermondii, P. caribbica, P. jadinii, D. hansenii, Candida palmioleophila, C. haemulonii type II, and Clavispora lusitaniae. In conclusion, D. hansenii may not be as common a human pathogen as previously thought. Sequencing of either ITS or D1/D2 regions is a good tool for differentiating the species more frequently confused with D. hansenii, keeping in mind that reliable databases should be used.
http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/46/10/3237
http://www.diark.org/diark/species_list?query=Debaryomyces%20hansenii%20CBS767
Deb. [Schwanniomyces] occidentalis
This yeast has a high affinity K+ uptake system with the ability to hold high concentrations, allowing it to deplete the eternal K+. As an ascomycete yeast, it has the ability to grow in limiting conditions. In other words, it can very easily absorb the K+ from its surroundings even when conditions aren't favorable for most other organisms attempting to do the same task. This ability in return increases the driving force of the organism.
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