Sunday, March 13, 2011

Fasting And Health (Part 1) Dry Fasting

In addition to the regular consumption of Kefir for health, Fasting should also become something you do on a regular basis.  Fasting is primarily the act of willingly abstaining from some or all food, drink, or both, for a period of time. An absolute fast is normally defined as abstinence from all food and liquid for a defined period, usually a single day (24 hours), or several daytime periods. Other fasts may be only partially restrictive, limiting particular foods or substance. The fast may also be intermittent in nature (see: Intermittent fasting). Fasting practices may preclude sexual and other activities as well as food.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting
http://www.seekeronline.org/journals/y2005/jan05.html

There are a number of different ways and recommendations for going about a fast.  After extensive reading and experimentation with fasting, I have come to appreciate the idea of "Everything in Moderation".  There are those with serious illnesses and chronic conditions that under strict medical supervision may do well to completely cure themselves with an extended fast.  Some of these longer fasts can last from 3 weeks to 90 days from what I've read.  Although the majority of "Long Fasts" seem to end around 30-40 days.  This is also historically significant with religious circles, as many of the religious leaders take on a 30-40 day fast and recommend periodic abstinence from food by their followers as well, for both religious and health reasons.

In India, there are always extreme accounts of fasting, ranging from only a few months, to years without food.  There are even those that claim to have plant like abilities, needing only sunshine, fresh air and water to life a happy and healthy life...Well...without going any further into these claims, let's take a look at the approach I have come to appreciate and the benefits I believe you can derive from my approach.
http://www.40daydetox.com/40-days-its-physiological-psychological-and-spiritual-significance-day-35/jesus-fasting-in-the-wilderness/
http://www.vitalyogathebook.com/uncategorized/fasting-sadhana/

When I first started fasting this past winter, I did it out of my bodies need for something.  I had been relatively tired and had low energy.  I also felt achy and the long cold winters in the north didn't seem to be helping.  I read everything I could read about fasting before I concluded that it should be the next thing to try out.  I'm what you could call a research fanatic and Google is my God.  I had observed all my life how animals would fast when they were sick and how humans don't.  After reading numerous account of people healing themselves from a variety of different ailments simply by abstaining from food, I decided it was time to try it out!  After all, we are but glorified animals.  Why should we be any different from every other creature on the face of the earth when it comes to naturally healing ourselves.

So I decided to start off with a 3 day fast.  Because I have a tendency to be an extremest, I attempted to do a dry fast.  I believe that we consume too much water on a regular basis anyways.  A recent study testing city water around the United States discovered antibiotics, hormones, pesticides and guess what else...anti psychotics.  You should be able to achieve proper if not more beneficial saturation from a regular consumption of real whole fruits and vegetables without the need for excess water consumption.

Anyways, from what I had read at the time, the dry fast seemed to a more extreme and therefore more inviting method for me to try.  Thus began my experiment with dry fasting.  I tried not to pay much attention to any thirst I may have felt early on.  I had slept until about noon the day I started, after going to bed at my usual 4am.  Simply because I had it on my mind that I couldn't drink anything, I found myself thinking about it.  Not because I was thirsty however.  About 36 hours into my dry fasting experiment, I had to go work on some things at a family's house.  This was in the middle of winter and we had just gotten about 6 inches of fresh snowfall.  Sitting inside, I found myself suddenly full of energy.  They say dry fasting works much quicker at clearing the body of waste as even water needs to be properly digested.  With the absence of water, the body breaks down fats for hydration and also takes moisture from different areas in the body

This method tends to create a highly toxic environment in the blood rather quickly, as it cleans all the debris and any junk stored with the body fat and tissues.  Water helps to saturate these toxins making them less concentrated, which is why dry fasting can be dangerous if not closely monitored.  Long story short, I developed this strange energy that I decided to use.  Instead of using a snow blower, I hand shoveled a very large driveway.  This took me a while to do, but my energy level didn't seem to dissipate.  I felt rather strange as well.  Without consuming anything at all for only a day and a half, I noticed my ability to think had become very clear.  When your not busy eating and digesting, you have this immense energy and a mind that sometimes wont seem to shut up. 
http://www.visionarytrainers.com/blog/post/2009/09/16/Fasting-The-Single-Healthiest-Thing-You-Can-Do.aspx

Sometime between the 36-40 hour mark something weird started to happen.  I could hear vehicles coming down the road from very far away and when they approached they sounds like a jet plane.  My hearing for some reason had started to clear up and I because rather sensitive to noise.  My brain also became overactive and I had a ton of ideas.  I just knew with all this energy I would run out of things to do.  So I started cleaning for a bit and watched several movies.  After staying up rather late, I decided I should go to bed.  I hadn't had anything to eat or drink in about 40 hours.  I tried to fall asleep. 

I became rather cold and covered myself up with more blankets.  I was in a cooler portion of the house without a lot of heat, so that didn't help much.  A few hours before bed, an old Brazilian jui-jitsu injury in my right elbow had begun to completely seize up.  I could barely bend it.  It was a hyper extended injury that took a month and a half before I could do a normal curl with it this past summer.  While lying in bed trying to sleep, I noticed a strange tingling in my elbow.  In my mind I imagined little workers fixing the area and removing calcium build up.  The feeling continued for a while.  At one point, my sinuses seemed to completely open up.  It wasn't a slow feeling, it just happened with one of my breaths.  They felt new again and I could suddenly breath without a problem.  My hearing and sense of smell were great!

Trying to fall asleep I laid my ear against the pillow lying on my side.  The noise was absurd.  I could hear every heart beat I had, but that wasn't the problem, the frequency inside my head was what was driving me crazy.  For those of you who have never done any brain entrainment (Neuro Programmer is the one I prefer), then you may not know what it's like to hear brainwave frequencies.  Listening to brain entrainment however, and hearing what I was hearing are two completely different things.  It would sound like a short drum roll, followed by a few separate individual beats.  As I started to drift off, the pattern changed to a very erratic sound with out a definitive pattern.  I thought to myself, how our own heart beat and breathing must entrain our brains during sleep, taking us deeper and deeper into low Delta frequencies.  After a while, I finally fell asleep.
http://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-642720/stock-photo-heart-beat

A few hours later, I awake in a bit of a panic.  My heart beat is now VERY clear and noticeably not normal.  I can hear a few fast beat, then a pause and a few separate slow beats repeating over and over.  I knew I needed liquid quickly.  I tried to get up and went right to the ground.  I had to stay bent over as I couldn't fully extend my stomach as you would while standing erect.  I was dizzy and had blurred vision.  I needed liquid and fast I told myself.  The nauseousness took me over.  I fought it making it downstairs into the kitchen.  I took a cup and put enough water into it before I had to go back to the floor.  Then I worked my way to the refrigerator to get a hold of lemon juice.  I squeezed some into the water and took a sip.  After a few sips, my head felt completely normal again and the nausea disappeared.  I felt much much better.  It worked so quick to alleviate the discomfort, that I took the cup back upstairs with me.  I knew the dry fast portion of my experiment was over with.

Once I was tucked back into my warm nest on the couch, I had some more lemon water and easily fell asleep again.  I woke up easily with tremendous energy.  I went outside in the snow to the barn, feeding the chickens and giving them warm water.  I did a little shoveling and had some more lemon water.  I even watched a movie and then went back to sleep for a while.  My dreams were very vivid and clear.  My hearing, sense of smell and senses overall seemed very in tune and I felt very aware of everything.  I slept whithout a problem a few more times.  Things were almost surreal to me.  I had no hunger at this point and didn't need to drink anything either.  I decided to head back home.  I hopped into my truck and headed out.  One thing to be careful of is how relaxed and surreal things can become.
http://www.zimbio.com/Master+Cleanse+Diet/articles/mY-P1rUwJDX/Water+Fasting

I thought I was heading back up north to my house, when I realized I was heading south with no off ramp for a while.  I knew that my brain was a bit out of it.  The ride home was pleasant though, even though I went the wrong way without even noticing.  Once home I started with some juices and water and very light food.  I was quickly filled with only a glass of water and a shot of cranberry juice.  My arm injury felt great, I could move it freely with little to no pain.  This strange event has changed my arm.  I had continuous pain in it and was unable to work out with it perviously due to pain.  After only 3 days of dry fasting, the pain is minimal now.  I can only attribute it to the dry fast.  Although I wont be doing a strict dry fast again, I did learn a few things.  I now know what signs and warning to look for and what benefits may occur.  After a while, your senses may become more in tuned and overly sensitive.  Hearing and sense of smell especially.  Body temperature drops after a while, so staying warm is critical.  lemon water has the ability to stop the nausea and heart issues and sleep is great.  The mind can become overactive and needs to be kept busy.

This was my first experiment and not one I recommend trying.  It did however lead me to read and experiment a lot more.  From dry fasting, I experimented off and on with 1-3 days of water fasting, trying various amounts of water.  I concluded that drinking a glass or more first thing in the morning, generally held me over for a while.  Then only drinking when necessary, and not always doing it, makes it much easier.  If you are always drinking, you will always be running to the bathroom.  It makes you wonder how much rest if any your actually giving your body.  So my recommendation is water first thing, then listen to your body and only drink when thirsty, no more, no less.

Summary

Dry Fasting OR Absolute Fasting - A type of fasting, where an individual goes completely without food or water for a period of time.  Usually this time frame is 1-3 days.  Some versions of Absolute Fasting also advise against showers / baths and other things as well.

My experiment with dry fasting ended after 2 days.  Nausea, erratic heart beat, sensitive hearing, sense of smell and overactive mind were all present during the fast.  Old injuries became achy and mobility was decreased but later returned better than before the fast.

Although there are those that will still recommend Dry Fasting as the ultimate healing tool, I would not recommend it to you.  It is an extreme form of fasting and can be dangerous without a doubt.  I am glad I tried this method but doubt I will do an absolute fast any time in the near future.

Part 2 - Intermittant Fasting (IF)

Friday, March 4, 2011

What Is Milk Kefir (Part 3 - YEASTS)

The following list of Yeasts may be found in their original list format located HERE.  The following information provided for each particular species was found throughout various scientific journals / studies and other various sources, each of which are cited under the content of each particular category.

YEASTS

Dekkera anomala t/ Brettanomyces anomalus a
Kluyveromyces marxianus t/ Candida kefyr a
Pichia fermentans t/ C. firmetaria a
Yarrowia lipolytica t/ C. lipolytica a
Debaryomyces hansenii t/ C. famata a
Deb. [Schwanniomyces] occidentalis
Issatchenkia orientalis t/ C. krusei a
Galactomyces geotrichum t/ Geotrichum candidum a
C. friedrichii
C. rancens
C. tenuis
C. humilis
C. inconspicua
C. maris
Cryptococcus humicolus
Kluyveromyces lactis var. lactis
Kluyv. bulgaricus
Kluyv. lodderae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sacc. subsp. torulopsis holmii
Sacc. pastorianus
Sacc. humaticus
Sacc. unisporus
Sacc. exiguus
Sacc. turicensis sp. nov
Torulaspora delbrueckii t
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii


Dekkera anomala t/ Brettanomyces anomalus a A new ascogenous yeast species, Dekkera anomala, is described. The strains studied were isolated from spoiled soft drinks. This species differs morphologically and physiologically from the species presently accepted in the genus Dekkera by the formation of blastese and the ability to ferment lactose.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6465876

Kluyveromyces marxianus t/ Candida kefyr a
Kluyveromyces marxianus is a species of yeast in the genus Kluyveromyces, and is the sexual form (teleomorph) of Candida kefyr. K. marxianus is used commercially to produce the lactase enzyme similar to the use of other fungi such as those in the genus Aspergillus.[2]
It is produced as a nutritional yeast and bonding agent for fodder and pet food, and as a source of ribonucleic acid in pharmaceuticals.

Candida kefyr is a rare cause of candidiasis and is usually associated with superficial cutaneous manifestations rather than systemic disease. It has been isolated from nails and lung infections. Environmental isolations have been made from cheese and dairy products.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluyveromyces_marxianus
http://www.ncyc.co.uk/print-photo-ncyc-CBS712A.html
http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Yeasts/Candida/Candida_keyfyr.html

Pichia fermentans t/ C. firmetaria a
A biofilm-forming strain of Pichia fermentans proved to be most effective in controlling brown rot on apple fruit when coinoculated into artificial wounds with a phytopathogenic isolate of Monilinia fructicola. Culture filtrates and autoclaved cells had no significant influence on the disease. When sprayed onto the apple fruit surface, this yeast formed a thin biofilm but failed to colonize the underlying tissues. When inoculated into wounds artificially inflicted to peach fruit or when sprayed onto the surface of peach fruit, the same strain showed an unexpected pathogenic behaviour, causing rapid decay of fruit tissues even in the absence of M. fructicola. Both optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the pattern of fruit tissue colonization by P. fermentans. While on apple surface and within the apple wound the antagonist retained its yeast-like shape, colonization of peach fruit tissue was always characterized by a transition from budding growth to pseudohyphal growth. These results suggest that pseudohyphal growth plays a major role in governing the potential pathogenicity of P. fermentans, further emphasizing the importance of a thorough risk assessment for the safe use of any novel biocontrol agent.
http://eprints.uniss.it/213/

Yarrowia lipolytica t/ C. lipolytica a
This Study reviews the advantages of using Yarrowia lipolitica for protein secretion.  The early steps were focused on (Cytoplasmic ribosomes to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum to the polypeptide).  The first evidence of a co-translational translocation was discovered using a thermosensitive allele of the 7SL RNA.  Several new components of the translocational apparatus were discovered.
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biotechnologie.de/BIO/Redaktion/Bilder/de/Newsfotos/hefe-yarrowia-lipo,property%253Dbild,bereich%253Dbio,sprache%253Dde.jpg&imgrefurl=http://benqc8508.01lx.net/yarrowia-lipolytica.html&usg=__9aCHYg5uZdNO21wu3Ol5OVPfL38=&h=416&w=572&sz=37&hl=en&start=0&sig2=V20QDz6fFpNY95KIVI5Ukg&zoom=1&tbnid=xrWWcqmVknxqLM:&tbnh=144&tbnw=234&ei=WPp8TbaRJMHBqwHygNWsCw&prev=/images%3Fq%3DYarrowia%2Blipolytica%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26biw%3D1020%26bih%3D595%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=200&oei=WPp8TbaRJMHBqwHygNWsCw&page=1&ndsp=13&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=99&ty=64

Debaryomyces hansenii t/ C. famata a
Debaryomyces hansenii is a hemiascomycetous yeast commonly found in natural substrates and in various types of cheese. Pichia guilliermondii is widely distributed in nature and is a common constituent of the normal human microflora. Both species have been described in human infections but are extremely difficult to differentiate phenotypically. Thus, frequent errors in identification occur. The 62 clinical and environmental isolates sent between 2000 and 2007 to the French National Reference Center for Mycoses and Antifungals as D. hansenii or P. guilliermondii were analyzed by using the carbon assimilation pattern, the presence of pseudohyphae, and sequencing of the ITS and D1/D2 regions of the rRNA gene. The objective of this study was to assess using nucleotide sequences whether phenotypic identification was accurate and whether phenotypic characteristics could be used to differentiate the two species when sequencing was not available. We found that 58% of the isolates were misidentified and belong to seven different species: P. guilliermondii, P. caribbica, P. jadinii, D. hansenii, Candida palmioleophila, C. haemulonii type II, and Clavispora lusitaniae. In conclusion, D. hansenii may not be as common a human pathogen as previously thought. Sequencing of either ITS or D1/D2 regions is a good tool for differentiating the species more frequently confused with D. hansenii, keeping in mind that reliable databases should be used.
http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/content/full/46/10/3237
http://www.diark.org/diark/species_list?query=Debaryomyces%20hansenii%20CBS767

Deb. [Schwanniomyces] occidentalis
This yeast has a high affinity K+ uptake system with the ability to hold high concentrations, allowing it to deplete the eternal K+.  As an ascomycete yeast, it has the ability to grow in limiting conditions.  In other words, it can very easily absorb the K+ from its surroundings even when conditions aren't favorable for most other organisms attempting to do the same task.  This ability in return increases the driving force of the organism.

Healing Properties of Kefir (K-Z)

Kidneys
Lactose Intolerance
Leaky Gut Syndrome
Liver
Lungs
Maintenance functions
Medications
Metabolism
Metastasis
Migraines
Minerals and Amino Acids
Nervous System
Osteoporosis
Pancreas
Parodontosis Cures
Pathogenic Microorganisms
Pharmaceuticals
Pneumonia
Prostate
Psoriasis and eczema
Restores Healthy Microflora
Salts
Sclerosis
Sleep Disorders
Stamina
Stress
Tuberculosis
Tumors
Ulcers
Urinary Tract Infections
Vaginitis (Inflammation of the Vagina)
Vitamins
Weight Loss
Wrinkles
Yeast Infection

Kidneys
According to a paper located HERE, recommendations include consuming 1 litre a day while maintaining a strict diet will improve kidney function.

The kidneys of a healthy individual can be maintained with the help of B vitamins. B vitamins are ever present in kefir and are easily digested as such. Regular consumption of kefir may help to regulate normal kidney function in those without kidney disease.

In a study found HERE, current sufferers of kidney disease were given single daily tablet containing 2.5 milligrams of folic acid, 25 milligrams of vitamin B6, and 1 milligram of vitamin B12, or a placebo (inactive) tablet. After 6 month follow up visits over a 3 year period some evidence shows that the B vitamins provided to those with failing kidneys were successful in lowering homocysteine levels in their body. However, those who were given the additional B vitamins also showed a lower GFR, which indicated healthy kidney function. They had twice the rate of heart attack, stroke, and other deaths at the end of the follow-up period. This was caused by a failing kidneys inability to excrete these water soluble vitamins through urine. Although the form of B vitamins in the study are not at all from Kefir, those with a failing kidney (One not eliminating properly) should be cautious when consuming large amounts of these otherwise healthy vitamins.
http://www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/Blog/Diane-Fennell/study-links-high-dose-b-vitamins-with-kidney-decline/

Some people claim that dairy products may increase your risk of developing kidney stones. According to this site, the author answers a few questions by a reader. The authors views are as follows concerning kidney stones and kefir. Its stated that to date there is no evidence that consuming dairy will cause kidney stones or that eliminating it will deter them. There are a number of causes for kidney stones and each case may be person specific. Regardless of a milk being raw or pasteurized, the calcium and phosphorus content are the same. The protein content in both cases breaks down into uric acid. As each individual is unique as are kidney stone causes, if one is prone to such an event, they should discuss this with a health professional. The author goes on to point out that there is no correlation to kefir and kidney stones, so avoiding kefir will not prevent them. On the other hand, kefir builds up micro flora in the body increasing vitamin K, which is known for strengthening blood vessels in the body. The kidneys included!
http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1711555
Try consuming a Kefir + Nutmeg Infusion for it's powerful detox properties and ability to dissolve kidney stones
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Lactose Intolerance
http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/kefir.htm
"The researchers asked 15 adults to consume five separate test foods: 2 percent milk; plain kefir; raspberry-flavored kefir; plain yogurt; and raspberry-flavored yogurt. Each food was eaten after a 12-hour fast and followed up by a series of breath hydrogen tests every hour for eight hours. Participants were asked to record any symptoms of lactose intolerance for eight hours after eating each food. 
Past studies by other scientists have shown that eating fermented dairy products, such as yogurt, improves lactose digestion. Participants in the current study reported having little or no symptoms associated with lactose intolerance after eating both types of yogurt and kefir. Flatulence was the most-reported symptom. Drinking kefir reduced flatulence frequency by more than half, compared to milk.
Breath hydrogen levels were also significantly lower after consuming the plain and flavored kefir than after drinking milk. Flatulence is the biggest complaint among lactose-intolerant people, Hertzler said, and breath hydrogen is indicative of excessive gas in the digestive tract.

“Both kefir and yogurt improve lactose digestion simply because some of the bacterial cells give up their lives in the intestinal tract, release their enzymes and digest the lactose,” Hertzler said. “It’s a one-shot deal. However, kefir has additional microorganisms that may be able to colonize the intestines and benefit health further by protecting the intestine against disease-causing bacteria.”


Liver
According to a paper located HERE, recommendations include consuming 1 litre daily.  The patient enjoys restful sleep without medication.

Nervous System
According to a paper located HERE, recommendations include consuming 1 litre of kefir daily with a meal.  In severe cases, sleeplessness disappears without the use of medication.  appetite returns and depression disappears.

Sclerosis
According to a paper located HERE, recommendations include consuming 1/2 a litre daily of kefir.  The most severe sclerosis improves remarkably and does not return.

Stress
Try consuming a Kefir + Nutmeg Infusion to stimulate the brain, relieve stress levels and promote dreaming

Ulcers
According to a paper located HERE, recommendations include consuming 1 litre a day so long as the illness dictates.  In recorded cases, ulcers have disappeared within 2 months time.

Yeast Infection
Try consuming a Kefir + Cinnamon Infusion to stop precription resistant yeast infections.

Healing Properties of Kefir (A-J)

The following items and their potential to be healed or helped with the use of Kefir and or kefir grains / or any byproduct there-of are from a culmination of various sites, including both scientific journals / studies and individual accounts of the beneficial and healing effects kefir has had on them.  A link or several links may be found referencing the original sources of the information provided for each disorder directly under the paragraphs describing any such benefits.  If you have any additional personal accounts of the benefits kefir has had releaving or healing you from a particular disorder that you see here or one that isn't included, please leave a reply at the bottom of the page with your info or link, and I will review it and add it to the page where relevant.

Absorption & Assimilation
Acid Reflux
Acne
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
Aging
Alcohol
Allergies
Anemia
Antibacterial & Antifungal Properties
Antimicrobial
Anti-Oxidants
Arthritis & Rheumatism
Asthma
Babies
Bad Breath
Biliary tract diseases
Blood Lipid Levels
Blood Sugar
Blood Vessels & Blood Pressure
Body Functions
Brain Reflexes, Memory, Attention,Senses
Bronchitis
Bruises
Calcination of blood vessels
Calcium Deficient
Cancer
Candidasis
Catarrh (Cystic Catarrh)
Chemical antibiotics
Cholesterol
Chronic Enteritis
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chronic Intestinal Infections
Colitis
Colon Cancer
Complete Protein
Constipation
Cramps
Depression
Detoxification
Diabetes
Diarrhea
Digestion
Duodenum
Eczema
Elderly
Energy
Flatulence
Gallbladder (Gall stones)
Gout
Gum Disease
Hair
Heart & Blood Circulatory Conditions
Heavy Metals
Hepatitis
Herpes
High Blood Pressure
Hypertension
Immune System
Inflammatory Diseases
Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Absorption & Assimilation
An excerpt from the worlds healthiest foods:
Fermented Foods – Lacto-fermented foods have been around for a very long time. Common in Korean, Chinese, Japanese, and North and Central European cuisine, fermentation has been used to enhance the flavor of food, create food, and help food having a longer shelf life. Fermented foods are delicious and nutritious. These traditional foods are key to our health.

Fermentation allows the bacteria, yeasts and molds to “predigest” and therefore break down the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to create probiotics which offer friendly bacteria into the digestive tract. This helps keep our immune system strong and supports overall digestive health.
Keep your digestive flora healthy and strong by regularly eating fermented foods.

Fermented foods are enzyme rich foods that are alive with micro-organisms. These foods allow beneficial microflora to “colonize” in the intestines (and for moms-to-be, also in the birth canal). This “inner ecosystem” helps support our health and fight infection. A healthy gastrointestinal tract is critical to a strong immune system. Diets rich in fermented foods, as well as fruits and vegetables, are best for us to in order to maintain a strong healthy body.

Fermented foods aid in digestion, promote healthy flora in the digestive tract, produce beneficial enzymes, offer better nutrition and allow the body to absorb vitamins (in particular C, and B12), minerals, nutritional value and omega 3s more effectively from foods. They regulate the level of acidity in the digestive tract and act as anti-oxidants. Fermented foods contain the same isothiocyanates found in cruciferous vegetables and therefore fight and prevent cancer.

Many fermented foods on the market today are not true fermented foods because they are created to maximize profits and shelf life instead of health. They are not as beneficial. It’s important that we eat foods that are fermented with “Active” or “Live” Cultures.

Pasteurization kills off the living bacteria so look for unpasteurized and fresh fermented foods (in the grocery refrigerator section). Since fermentation is a way to keep the living enzymes alive, it goes against the theory to use pasteurized (or dead) milk, for example, but you can make yogurt and kefir with pasteurized milk, it just won’t be as robust and beneficial.

Fermented Foods include: Acidophilus milk, amasake, beer, bleu cheese, chocolate, cider, coffee, cultured vegetables, kefir, kimchi, kombucha, marinated artichokes, miso, olives, pickles, saurkraut, soy sauce, tea, tempeh, umeboshi plums, vinegar, yogurt.
http://davidbozek.net/2010/07/16/top-10-healthiest-superfoods-you-need-for-extreme-health-and-longevity/


Another great read concerning the health benefits associated with consuming milk for both a pregnant organism and the offspring thereof HERE.

Acid Reflux
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents (food or liquid) leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus (the tube from the mouth to the stomach). This action can irritate the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms.

Due to kefirs natural ability to aid in digestion, the microbes work to lessen the stress created on the body's system by overloading it with various foods. Over a period of time, with improper eating habits, the bacteria that should be hard at work inside of the human intestines are either in low counts or dominated by microbes that exist from the presence of hard to digest foods. The beneficial bacteria meant to help the body digest and eliminate the broken down elements from the whole foods consumed, can be absent causing an increase in internal fermentation of foods. When foods are allowed to ferment inside the body, usually caused by overeating and or eating foods in an improper order in specific quantities, internal fermentation occurs and can poison the bloodstream (Causing fatigue and other symptoms). When kefir is consumed on a regular basis, the foods are more easily assimilated and transported through the system as the plethora of beneficial microorganisms work hard to digest the nutrients provided. In return, a build-up of undigested fermenting foods can be avoided, lessening or completely stopping the effects of acid reflux.

Red cabbage juiced in a blender will also cure acid reflux in a very short period of time if consumed on a daily basis. Kefir grains / liquid whey produced by the process of fermentation through kefir making, may be used to create sauerkraut using cabbage to aid in the digestion of food and help to prevent or cure acid reflux.
http://www.growyouthful.com/comment-ailment-remedy.php?ailmentNo=9&remedyNo=51
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001311/

Acne
According to a paper located HERE, recommendations include consuming 1 litre of kefir daily for the treatment of acne and eczema.  In addition to oral consumption, sufferers should rub kefir topically onto infected area.  A hard crust will form upon drying.  Leave this crust all night and clean the following morning.  Even cases of severa eczema will be healed in 4 days following this regime.
Instead of treating acne externally, kefir works internally to stop acne from happening by the work of friendly bacteria in the intestines.

Kefir's ample supply of phosphorus, the second most abundant mineral in our bodies, helps utilize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for cell growth, maintenance and energy.

Kefir is rich in Vitamin B12, B1, and Vitamin K. It is an excellent source of biotin, a B Vitamin which aids the body's assimilation of other B Vitamins, such as folic acid, pantothenic acid, and B12. The numerous benefits of maintaining adequate B vitamin intake range from regulation of the kidneys, liver and nervous system to helping relieve skin disorders, boost energy and promote longevity.

http://www.acne.org/messageboard/KEFIR-t189370.html

The following site, located HERE, suggests mixing EFA's, or Essential Fatty Acids, fish oil and Coconut oil with your kefir for healthier skin. The writer of this site recommends mixing all the ingredients into the kefir while waiting to add the coconut oil last. Coconut oil as you know is solid at room temperature. Coconut oil is a healthy saturated fat (Does not spoil easily as there are no open areas for oxidation to occur) that will solidify into clumps if added to cold or chilled kefir. It may be easier to melt the coconut oil then mix it into the kefir with the other ingredients that are at room temperature and drink immediately. This writer also recommends consuming 1/2 to 3/4 cup of this kefir mixture for the direct cure of acne daily. They personally consume their mixture during lunch and sometimes as a snack.
http://howtoclearyouracne.com/main/archives/1118

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
A story of a father and son who were both diagnosed with ADHD and placed on precription drugs "5 mg. Dexedrine spansules 2 x day". After reading and searching for alternative non-drug related "cures", they made some changes to their regime. "We take 2 capsules of (synergistic, naturally occurring probiotic complex) Kefir Caucasicum and 1 additional capsule of acidophilis (until we get the "good flora" overpowering the "bad bacteria." At the time of this post, they had already reduced their precription medication and were on their way to completely eliminating any such drugs from their daily regime.  Read their full story found HERE.

Aging (Anti-Aging)
Great .pdf article / study on effects of intestinal immunity and aging in young and old rats from probiotic use found HERE.
The adjuvant effect of kefir fermented milk on the mucosal and systemic immune systems was examined in young (6 mo old) and old (26 mo old) rats. Kefir-fed rats consisted of young or old rats consuming kefir-fermented milk ad libitum on a daily basis in addition to the standard diet, for 28 d. Control rats consumed only the standard diet. The rats were immunized intraduodenally with cholera toxin (CT) on d 7 and 21 and killed on d 28. The nonspecific serum immunoglobulin (Ig)A titers in kefir-fed and control rats did not differ in either age group. The serum anti-CT IgA antibody concentrations were significantly higher in the kefir-fed young rats compared with their age-matched controls (+86%, P ≤ 0.05). This difference was associated with enhanced in vitro antibody secretion by cultured lymphocytes isolated from the Peyer’s patches and the intestinal lamina propria (+180%, P ≤ 0.05). These enhanced responses were found only in the young rats. However, the nonspecific serum IgG titer was higher (>120%, P ≤ 0.05) and the anti-CT IgG titer was lower (-80%, P ≤ 0.05), in both young and old kefir-fed rats compared with their respective controls. Nevertheless, these results demonstrate that a kefir-supplemented diet affects the intestinal mucosal and systemic immune responses to intraduodenal CT differently in young and old rats. Most importantly, our data suggest that orally administered kefir enhances the specific intestinal mucosal immune response against CT in young adult, but not in senescent rats.
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/131/3/807.full

Consuming kefir increases the amount of saliva present in the mouth when consuming food. This saliva contains elements that increase the ability and rate in which your body can break down food. As food is better broken down on the way to and while in the stomach, its more easily digested. This leads to better gastrointestinal health, which invariably leads to a longer life. In addition, kefir is known to alter the pH of the colon by production of lactic acid. This helps to inhibit the growth of tumor related bacteria and prevents the development of cancer, also extending your life.
http://hubpages.com/hub/Kefir

Also, check out the following links for the benefits of fasting along with regular kefir consumption to slow the aging process and extend ones life HERE.


Alcohol (Hangovers)
Young Coconut Kefir is a fermented drink made from the water inside young green coconuts. Full of healthy bacteria (microflora), it benefits your stomach, liver and intestines. With many healing properties, it is a smart choice when you wake up with a hangover. In fact, some of our customers tell us they have Young Coconut Kefir before they have a glass of wine - to counteract the negative effects of alcohol. Another customer wrote to tell us she dilutes her occasional glass of wine with Young Coconut Kefir because she loves the taste. She's definitely noticed that this has eliminated the wine's negative side effects.

It's not just alcohol that creates symptoms of intoxication in your body. Candida -- a systemic yeast/fungal infection that Body Ecology has specialized in for years - creates similar symptoms. Candida floods your body with a toxic by-product called acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde produces similar symptoms to an alcohol hangover.

This serious toxin poisons tissues, is not easily eliminated and accumulates in your brain, spinal cord and muscles. Keeping in mind that your heart and intestines are muscles, you may now understand why you have symptoms of brain fog, muscle weakness and even pain.

Interestingly, alcoholics often have candida that has spread to their liver. If they try to give up alcohol without understanding how to cope with these cravings, it can be challenging.

Since Young Coconut Kefir can stop cravings for sugar and alcohol, it can be especially healing for alcoholics (who instead usually turn to heavy use of sugar and cigarettes -- poor alternatives.)

Young Coconut Kefir provides the defense your body needs to fight the symptoms of a hangover - and the systemic fungal infection caused by candida.

http://bodyecology.com/articles/unknown_hangover_cure.php

Allergies
Consumption of milk kefir and soymilk kefir suppressed the IgE and IgG1 responses and altered the intestinal microflora in our supplemented group, suggesting that milk kefir and soymilk kefir may be considered among the more promising food components in terms of preventing food allergy and enhancement of mucosal resistance to gastrointestinal pathogen infection.
http://www.allergizer.com/50226711/kefir_may_help_prevent_allergies.php

Anemia
Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001586/

Antibacterial & Anti Fungal Properties

Antimicrobial Effects
A group of Wistar rats were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus (Most common cause of Staph infection) and induced with skin legions. Candida albicans (A diploid fungus, which is opportunistic by nature for oral and genital infections in humans, a common cause of morbidity in patients with an immunocompromised system.) Commonly, those undergoing organ or bone marrow transplants, AIDS patients and those under chemo therapy. This makes any patient in the intensive care unit at a hospital a major concern for public health. Alternative antimicrobials were also tested to compare to any healing effects kefir may have against current methods for the same infections. Testing was done by cicatrizing experiments, which simply means by healing the rats with the development of scar tissue.

A topical gel was applied containing 70% kefir and kefiran (insoluble polysaccharide). Both kefir and kefiran showed activity against all organisms it came into contact with. Of all the organisms it had an effect on, Streptococcus pyogenes (An infection usually starting in the throat or on the skin, may be very mild to life-threatening in nature. Common results of its growth on the body include pharyngitis or strep throat and impetigo, a localized skin infection) was effected the most.

Over a 7 day period, the protective effect had taken place on the connective skin tissue where the kefir, kefiran gel had been applied. Wound healing had also taken place (cicatrizing), where the infections had originally been located on the rats. This was in comparison with 5mg/kg of neomycin–clostebol emulsion.
http://www.ijaaonline.com/article/S0924-8579(05)00054-3/abstract
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes 

In another study testing the antimicrobial effects of kefir, the drink proved to once again overpower several food borne illness related microbes. Tested were the following: Staphylococcus aureus (Most common cause of Staph infection), Bacillus cereus (Responsible for 2-5% of food borne illnesses, resulting in diarrhea, vomiting and severe nausea). Salmonella enteritidis (Food poisoning causing diarrhea in healthy individuals, but potentially life threatening sickness for the young and elderly, or those with compromised immune systems.) Listeria monocytogenes (20-30% of infections caused by this facultative anaerobe result in death, responsible for approx. 2,500 illnesses and 500 deaths in USA annually. Known to frequently cause meningitis in newborns it is the leading cause of death of all food borne pathogens). Escherichia coli (Otherwise known as E. Coli, is commonly found in the lower intestines of warm blooded organisms, are generally of no cause for concern in humans. The one strand known for food recalls and serious sickness is serotype O157:H7).

The method of testing was disk diffusion or Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing, which is a test using antibiotic-impregnated wafers to see if certain bacteria are susceptible to specific antibiotics. A specified amount of bacteria are grown on agar plates with thin wafers containing antibiotics. A clearing will form around the wafer where bacteria cant grow if they are susceptible (zone of inhibition).

At storage of 4 degrees C, antimicrobial effects were seen on all pathogenic microbes. Matching room temperature effects from 24 and 48 hours, similar effects were seen on the 1st, 4th and 7th days at 4 degrees C. The largest inhibitory effects were seen with S. aureus, with diameter zones of 21.4 and 21.1 mm. During this storage period however, the effects seemed to decrease or do nothing except for Salmonella enteritidis, in which effects of kefir increased over this particular organism.
http://tmc.dergisi.org/pdf/pdf_TMC_279.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby-Bauer_antibiotic_testing
 

Anti-Oxidants
This study was aimed at evaluating the antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir. Such antimutagenic activity was determined by means of the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, whereas the antioxidant properties of kefir were evaluated by assessing the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation inhibition activity, ferrous ion chelating ability, reducing power, and antioxidative enzyme activity. Both milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir demonstrated significantly greater antimutagenic activity than milk and soymilk. Milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir also displayed significantly greater scavenging activity upon DPPH radicals, an inhibition effect upon linoleic acid peroxidation, and more substantial reducing power but displayed a reduced glutathione peroxidase activity than was the case for milk and soymilk. Milk and soymilk fermented by kefir grains did not alter the ferrous ion chelating ability and superoxide dismutase activity of the original materials. These findings have demonstrated that milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir possess significant antimutagenic and antioxidant activity and suggest that milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir may be considered among the more promising food components in terms of preventing mutagenic and oxidative damage.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15796581

Its believed that the long life and health demonstrated by the natives of the Northern Caucasus where kefir grains were used daily are attributed to the antioxidants found in kefir grains. The antioxidants present in kefir seem to protect the cells from damage (Free radical damage) and aging.
http://www.nourishkefir.co.uk/about.aspx

The aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial inhibition and antioxidant activity of 24 and 48 h of rice milk-kefir and cow milk-kefir. Bacterial inhibition activity of kefir was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens by using the disk diffusion method. Kefir showed some activity against all organisms tested. Antioxidant activity of kefir was measured using three different methods: DPPH radical scavenging activity of extracts, lipid peroxidation assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. As a standard BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole) was used. Rice milk-kefir was displayed significantly greater of antioxidant activity. These findings have suggested that rice milk-kefir may be considered among the more promising food components in term of preventing oxidative damage.
http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=biotech.2010.332.337&org=11 

Arthritis & Rheumatism
Try consuming a Kefir + Cinnamon Infusion for arthritis relief.  A combination of cinnamon and honey are known to offer relief and remove pain from 1-4 weeks.

Asthma

Blood Vessels & Blood Pressure
According to a paper located HERE, recommendations include consuming 1 litre of kefir daily for 2 months. After 2 months time, blood pressure should stabilize and read as normal. To heal decomposition of the blood, 1 litre daily should be followed, and 2 litres daily for severe cases.
Try consuming a Kefir + Cinnamon Infusion for it's anti blood clotting properties
Try consuming a Kefir + Nutmeg Infusion for it's ability to help lower blood pressure

Brain Reflexes, Memory, Attention,Senses
Try consuming a Kefir + Cinnamon Infusion to help boost memory and cognitive function.  The very smell of cinnamon will help the brain to achieve these changes.

Cancer
Try consuming a Kefir + Cinnamon Infusion to reduce the proliferation of lymphoma and leukemia cancer cells

Catarrh (Cystic Catarrh)
According to a paper located HERE, recommendations include consuming 1 litre of kefir per day as long as required. 1/2 a litre a day will regulate blood pressure and normalize body weight.

Cholesterol
Try consuming a Kefir + Cinnamon Infusion to help lower your LDL cholesterol

A study conducted on fecal plasma levels in individuals consuming kefir (Although source & type of kefir is not described in the study), found that after 4 weeks of supplementation with kefir that the plasma levels in the 7 individuals participating in the study, that didn't lower significantly to be used as a cholesterol lowering agent in and of itself.  The kefir used in the study was not identified as being store bough liquid or powder, or real kefir.  Without this missing piece to the puzzle, we cant conclude anything beyond the probability that like the subjects receiving a mixture of powdered milk, skim milk and whole milk, that those receiving kefir, received a very calculated type in the form of a store bought powder or liquid.  It's highly probable that a powder form was used in the study, which isn't the same a real kefir grains, but would be much easier to study in a lab as over a 4 week period, the bacteria contained in the samples could be tightly controlled, where as real kefir grains contain far too many variables of probiotic numbers, depending greatly on the length of the fermentation and the type of milk used.
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/2/1/

Diabetes
Here is a website dedicated to the cure for Type 2 Diabetes. This gentleman will be experimenting with the addition of kefir in his daily regime. One thing he has discovered to have the greatest impact on lowering his blood sugar has been a low carbohydrate diet. As carbohydrates cause an insulin spike, avoiding these things along with any processed fats will greatly improve your overall blood sugar readings. This person also includes in his regime a series of exercises. Of greatest impact thus far has been the introduction of overhead dumbbell presses and squats. The squats seem to have been making the greatest impact on his blood sugar readings. They seem to have an effect on lowering his sugar even 24 hours after working out. He chooses to do these exercises on most days. Once his kefir grains are starting to produce good curd and whey separation, any effect they have will be noted and posted here on this site.
http://diabetescureorcontrol.blogspot.com/
Try consuming a Kefir + Cinnamon Infusion to help regulate your blood sugar.

Diarrhea
Try consuming a Kefir + Nutmeg Infusion for it's ability prevent stomach aches and stop diarrhea
If you have eaten a food combination that causes diarrhea in a short period of time, you have two options.  You can try to immediately consume a small amount of 48 hour kefir mixed with nutmeg (4-6 oz), knowing that the diarrhea will continue for a while, or wait until it has settled down.  It's not a bad idea to consume a small amount while you are experiencing the discomfort, but know it will help to flush out the bad bacteria rather quickly.
When you have diarrhea from dehydration, you will crave fluid.  Only when this happens should you consume water.  If your diarrhea isn't dehydration related, and you consume large amounts of water between bowel movements, your simply adding to the problem.  Your small and large intestines for one reason or another are not properly absorbing the water from what your have drank or eaten, and instead this fluid is entering the colon, where is is uncomfortably expelled.  At this point, STOP drink or eating anything (Real ginger ale (small amount) exception).  Once you stop putting things into your system, the fluid will leave through urination and the rest expelled.  In just a short period fasting will recover you completely.

Gallbladder (Gall stones)
According to a paper located HERE, recommendations include consuming 1 litre of kefir daily to heal gall problems.  It mentions that milk and cream however can be deleterious and cause attacks, while the kefir product will eliminate the problem.

Heart & Blood Circulatory Conditions
Try consuming a Kefir + Nutmeg Infusion for it's ability to stimulate the cardiovascular system and increase circulation
Hepatitis
According to a paper located HERE, recommendations of consuming 1 litre of 12 hour long fermented kefir until bowel movements have normalised, then continue consuming a 24 hour long fermented kefir daily.

Inflammatory Diseases
Try consuming a Kefir + Nutmeg Infusion for their individual and combined anti inflammatory effects

Thursday, March 3, 2011

Traditional Kefir Practices

It's rumored that the byproduct of milk fermentation originating as batches of kefir came from Shepard’s in the northern Caucasus. The Shepard’s would carry with them leather pouches filled with fresh milk. Every now and then, the milk would be fermented by tiny microorganisms, which would create effervescent milk inside of the pouches. These leather pouches came to be the mode by which milk kefir was created. Commonly, sheep, goat and cow milk would be added to a leather pouch that contained kefir grains and then religiously hung by a doorway. Kefir grains need to be mixed evenly throughout the milk product over a period of a day or more to allow for a more even feeding. By locating these leather pouches near a door, anyone coming or going could give the pouch a quick shake to redistribute the lactose in the milk.

In parts of Iran, it’s said that sterile water was used to wash goat hides which were made into holding vessels for the kefir grains and their soon to be fermented drinks. A Sheep’s intestinal flora was then mixed with pasteurized milk and added to the pouch. A point was made to shake the pouch once an hour to redistribute the milk over the grains. After coagulation of the milk, ¾ of it was removed and fresh milk added.

Other traditional methods include a ratio of approximately 2-10 % by surface volume to be added to fresh raw milk inside of some sort of container.  I have also heard and read from various sources, that a ratio of 1:7 or 1:10 be used.  Due to the PH of the fermented mixture, the container had to be able to withstand acidic contents.  The common scare of the use of metal comes from it’s early reactions with the acidic nature of kefir.  Brass and the like were big no-no’s.  Modern stainless steel doesn’t seem to have any leeching effect when contact is made with the grains.

The chosen container for the kefir would be shaken at least twice during a 24 hour period.  Space was always allowed between the initial liquid used and the top of the container.  This would prevent overflow during the fermentation process, as gasses are released and if separation happens (curd and whey), a rise in volume could also cause a sealed container to break.

The container, no matter what it is would allow the kefir grains to be in the dark for the most part.  Even if it’s winter, and a traditional leather bag was brought outside to warm up on a sunny day, the kefir itself is in the dark.  Keeping the kefir out of direct sunlight is said to preserve the vitamin and mineral content and prevent them from degrading by exposure. 

Ideal fermentation temperatures for kefir are debatable, as kefir created at various temperatures will create different tasting kefir and slower or faster fermentation times. In general though, the first 24 hours is best for the grains to take a strong hold on the milk product. Various sites recommend a temperature of 68-77 degrees F, or 20-25 degrees C. That’s not to say that lower temperatures would not create a great fermentation. I ferment my grains between 60-65 degrees in a more or less controlled environment during the winter. Kefir fermenting above 104 degrees F, or 40 degrees C will most likely die off. On the other extreme, 39 degrees F or 4 degrees C will also cause the grains to stop working. As you can see, there is a lot of wiggle room for these magnificent creatures, so as long as you are within these numbers you should be fine.

After initial fermentation, several things could be done.  One method would be to take a portion of the 24 hour fermented mixture and use it in baking or to add to another food product.  Commonly in traditional practice however, the kefir was allowed to undergo a second fermentation without the presence of the grains.  For several more days, the beverage would be allowed to sour and increase in vitamins and minerals, with an exceptional increase in B vitamins.  The product would not only sour but also thicken.

A common practice for the second fermentation is to add additional herbs to the mix and let the bacteria further digest and leech important minerals and vitamins out of the herbs and into the kefir.  After a period of time, the kefir would then be consumed as a super food with unlimited health promoting properties, depending on the choice of additional elements added to undergo secondary fermentation.

Allowing kefir to ferment for various periods of time changes both the nutritional content and it’s effect on the consumer.  Folic acid for example which is well known for it’s aid in cell division and growth can be increased tremendously when allowed to ferment for longer.  The longer the milk is allowed to ferment, the lower the lactose present in the milk.  For those on a low carb, this means less sugar (less carbs).  A study done on rats shows that kefiran, produced by fermenting milk with kefir grains lowered their both their serum cholesterol levels and suppressed a blood pressure increase.
http://www.bigstockphoto.com/image-3303966/stock-photo-shepherd-in-the-caucasus

What Is Milk Kefir (Part 2 - STREPTOCOCCI / LACTOCOCCI)

Now it's time to take a look at some other organism found in milk kefir.  The Streptococci organisms are known as gram-positive facultative anaerobes.  They are also considered to be catalase-negative, as opposed to staphylococci, which are catalase-positive.  These gram-positive organisms are often found in pairs or chains and may be divided into different groups based on the ability of their antibodies to recognize a variety of different surface antigens.

Lactococcus is a genus that was formerly included in the Streptococcus Group N1.  These lactic acid bacteria are well known for their ability to produce lactic acid as their largest or only byproduct during glucose fermentation.  This group is gram-positive and catalase-negative as well, and can be found in pairs or chains as well as by themselves.  They are perhaps most famous at present for their use in cheese making.
http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/streptococci.htm  
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactococcus

The following list can be found from it's original source located at Dom's Kefir HERE.

STREPTOCOCCI / LACTOCOCCI

Streptococcus thermophilus
S. paracitrovorus
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis
Lc. lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis
Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris
Enterococcus durans
Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris
Leuc. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides
Leuc. dextranicum



Streptococcus thermophilus is an essential lactic acid bacterium used for commercial purposes, which includes the production of milk, cheese, and other dairy products. This organism is a thermophilic Gram-positive bacterium with an optimal growth rate at 45 °C. It is also capable of generating energy, in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by aerobic respiration with the presence of oxygen; however, without the presence of oxygen, it still can produce ATP through fermentation. S. thermophilus lacks cytochrome, oxidase, and catalase enzymes. It does not have motility and it does not form spores. Although S. thermophilus is closely related to other pathogenic streptococci (such as S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes), S. thermophilus is classified as a non-pathogenic, alpha-hemolytic species that is part of the viridians group. The increasing consumer need for dairy products and booming manufacture of dairy products ($40 billion industry) led to the investigation and sequencing of S. thermophilus.
http://www.magma.ca/~pavel/science/Foods&bact.htm
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Streptococcus_thermophilus

S.paracitrovorus does not readily dissimilate citric acid in the absence of sugar but does attack citric acid relatively vigorously in the presence of small quantities of glucose or lactose. The effect of glucose and lactose in initiating the dissimilation of citric acid is catalytic.
The sugars which act catalytically are themselves fermented to approximately equimolar quantities of carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol and lactic acid. The dissimilation of a combined substrate of citrate and glucose forms, in addition, acetic acid, acetylmethylcarbinol, 2,3-butylene glycol and under certain conditions, pyruvic acid which acts as an intermediate compound. Pyruvate is dissimilated to products similar to those from a fermentation of citrate plus glucose.
The reactions ofKrebs' citric acid cycle apparently do not apply to the dissimilation of citric acid byS.paracitrovorus because the fermentation of citric acid proceeds anaerobically, consumes little oxygen aerobically and is not inhibited by arsenite.
Inasmuch as milk contains lactose, the fermentation of citric acid in milk byS.paracitrovorus may be catalyzed as shown in these studies.
Journal paper No.J711 of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Project 451.

http://www.springerlink.com/content/r1x11421311270r1/

The experiments have shown that although butter of exceptionally fine flavour can be produced by the use of pure culture starters of S. paracitrovorus under laboratory control, the uncertainties under practical conditions, due to its weak growth, are too marked to warrant its general use. Both S. citrovorus and S. paracitrovorus are unable to compete successfully with the inevitable contaminants encountered in practice. The value of vegetable media such as grass, silage and bean agar for growing streptococci such as S. paracitrovorus has been confirmed, but as observed by Orla-Jensen et al. (4) the subsequent growth in milk media lacks the vigour which might be expected.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5124004

Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis  is a Gram-positive bacterium used extensively in the production of buttermilk and cheese[1], but has recently also become famous as the first genetically modified organism to be used alive for the treatment of human disease [2]. L. lactis cells are cocci that group in pairs and short chains, and depending on growth conditions, appear ovoid with typically 0.5 - 1.5 µm in length. L. lactis does not produce spores (nonsporulating) and are not motile (nonmotile). They have a homofermentative metabolism and have been reported to produce exclusively L(+) lactic acid.[3] However,[4] reported D(-) lactic acid can be produced when cultured at low pH. The capability to produce lactic acid is one of the reasons L. lactis is one of the most important microorganisms in the dairy industry[5]. Generally, it has been considered as an opportunistic pathogen,[6] though the number of clinical cases associated with infections by these microorganisms has increased in the last decade in both humans and animals.[7][8] L. lactis is of crucial importance for manufacturing dairy products, such as buttermilk and cheeses. When L. lactis ssp. lactis is added to milk, the bacterium uses enzymes to produce energy molecules (ATP), from lactose. The byproduct of ATP energy production is lactic acid. The lactic acid produced by the bacterium curdles the milk that then separates to form curds, which are used to produce cheese.[9].

Other uses that have been reported for this bacterium include the production of pickled vegetables, beer or wine, some breads and other fermented foodstuffs, such as soymilk kefir, buttermilk, an others.
[10]
http://jpkc.njau.edu.cn/spwswx/cankao/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=314

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactococcus_lactis


Lc. lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis  Cheeses are frequently made with natural whey starters (NWS). The whey from the previous cheese making is cultured and used for the next day. This practice, although essential for the development of typical sensory characteristics, can sometimes lead to acidification defects. In this work, the ability of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis to dominate over the other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was tested in a controlled system as a possible explanation for these acidification breakdowns. A starter made of two Lc lactis subsp. lactis strains (LL), one Lc lactis subsp. cremoris strain (LC), and one Lc lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis (LD) was added to sterilized milk. After incubation, the whey was removed and used to re-seed sterilized milk, the next day. This process was made during a five and twelve days' period. During the eight first days, the proportion of LD population increased, while the other LAB remained rather stable. Thereafter, LD strains dominated. At the same time, the diversity of LD population diminished considerably. If acidification ability of these LAB is not altered, this simplification was particularly hazardous in case of phages attack. LC and LL behavior was tested in milk containing increasing diacetyl concentrations. As long as diacetyl did not exceed a 5 ppm level — frequently measured in dairy products — its influence was impossible to detect. The selective advantage conferred by the citrate metabolism was proposed as a possible explanation for the LD population dominance. Other potential factors were also examined.
http://fst.sagepub.com/content/14/6/469.refs
http://genesis-bglab.com/eng/index.php?page=2&CID=16

Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris  MG1363, is the lactococcal strain most intensively studied throughout the world. It is a plasmid-free Lactococcus strain. It is not a natural inhabitant of the human gastrointestinal tract, but does survive passage through it, and has been used to deliver bioactive peptides to the gut. There are a number of mobile genetic elements in L. lactis MG1363, namely the unique sex factor, insertion elements, and the integration hotspot region. The latter enables L. lactis MG1363 to stably integrate laterally acquired DNA and has played a key role in the evolution of the genome of L. lactis MG1363 and related strains. It allowed L. lactis MG1363 to stably maintain a functional copy of the opp operon, which is essential for growth in milk. Forty seven of the genes present in L. lactis MG1363 but absent in L. lactis IL1403 are thought to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism and transport. Consequently L. lactis MG1363 displays a larger capability to grow on various sugars, especially those found in plant material, pointing to a plant associated biological niche for the ancestor of L. lactis MG1363. Lactococci are mesophilic lactic acid bacteria that were first isolated from green plants. However, today they are used extensively in food fermentations. These bacteria are selected for use in fermentations based on their metabolic stability, their resistance to bacteriophage, and their ability to produce unique compounds often from amino acid catabolism. The study of their physiology in adverse conditions such as low pH and high NaCl indicates that they adapt to these environments quickly and change their metabolism based on carbohydrate starvation. Recent genome studies and physical maps indicate that bacterial genomes are very dynamic. The importance of lactococci, specifically L. lactis subsp. cremoris, is demonstrated by its continual use in food fermentations. L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains are preferred over L. lactis subsp. lactis strains because of their superior contribution to product flavor via unique metabolic mechanisms.
http://genome.jgi-psf.org/laccr/laccr.home.html

http://expasy.org/sprot/hamap/LACLM.html

Enterococcus durans is Gram stain positive. Enterococcus durans is a facultative anaerobe. Enterococcus durans is non-motile. Bacteria; Firmicutes; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Enterococcaceae; Enteroc. Enterococcus durans infection in poultry has been associated with bacteremia and encephalomalacia. Streptococcus durans is a synonym for Enterococcus durans. Enterococcus faecium can be misidentified as Enterococcus durans by some automated testing methods. It is unclear what the importance of Enterococcus durans in human infections as strains of Enterococcus faecium are frequently incorrectly identified as Enterococcus durans.
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~microlab/CLASSINFO/IMAGESCI/B.%20subtilis%20and%20E.htm
http://www.thelabrat.com/restriction/sources/Enterococcusdurans.shtml

Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. cremoris
Leuconostoc species are frequently used in mesophilic cultures to produce aroma during milk fermentations.Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris 91404 was selected as an aroma producer in preparation of experimental cultured buttermilk based on low diacetyl reductase activity, citrate utilization and high diacetyl production under acidic conditions, growth characteristics, and compatibility with Lactococcus strains. However, no diacetyl was detected in buttermilk that was made in the traditional commercial manner. Simple and direct GLC analysis without prior processing was applied to quantify volatile compounds in milk that had been fermented with Leu. mesenteroides ssp. cremoris and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris. Fortification of ripened buttermilk with sodium citrate resulted in a significant increase of diacetyl and acetoin production during buttermilk storage (5°C for 2 wk). Surplus of citrate, low pH (pH 4.5 to 4.7), a sufficient number of active nongrowing aroma producers, air incorporation during curd breaking, and low temperature storage facilitated citrate metabolism toward production and conservation of flavor during 2 wk of storage. Incorporation of a ropy Lc. lactis ssp. cremoris strain 352 in starter culture significantly improved the texture and appearance of experimental cultured buttermilk.

http://www.magma.ca/~pavel/science/Leuconostoc.htm
http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(97)75907-1/abstract

Leuc. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides
Leuconostoc species are epiphytic bacteria that are wide spread in the natural environment and play an important role in several industrial and food fermentations. Leuconostoc mesenteroides is a facultative anaerobe requiring complex growth factors and amino acids (Reiter and Oram 1982; Garvie 1986).

Most strains in liquid culture appear as cocci, occurring singly or in pairs and short chains, however, morphology can vary with growth conditions; cells grown in glucose or on solid media may have an elongated or rod shaped morphology. Cells are Gram positive, asporogenous and non-motile.

A variety of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including Leuconostoc species are commonly found on crop plants (Mundt et al 1967; Mundt 1970). L. mesenteroides is perhaps the most predominant LAB species found on fruits and vegetables and is responsible for initiating the sauerkraut and other vegetable fermentations (Pederson and Albury 1969). L. mesenteroides starter cultures also used in some dairy and bread dough fermentations (Server-Busson et al. 1999).

Under microaerophilic conditions, a heterolactic fermentation is carried out. Glucose and other hexose sugars are converted to equimolar amount of D-lactate, ethanol and CO2 via a combination of the hexose monophosphate and pentose phosphate pathways (Demoss et al 1951; Garvie 1986; Gottschalk 1986). Other metabolic pathways include conversion of citrate to diacetyl and acetoin (Cogan et al 1981) and production of dextrans and levan from sucrose (Alsop 1983; Broker 1977).

Viscous polysaccharides produced by L. mesenteroides are widely recognized as causing product losses and processing problems in the production of sucrose from sugar cane and sugar beets (Tallgren et al. 1999). The first observation of the production of polysaccharide "slime" from sugar, dates to the earliest days of the science of microbiology; Pasteur (1861) attributed this activity to small cocci, presumably Leuconostoc species. Commercial production dextrans and levans by L. mesenteroides, for use in the biochemical and pharmaceutical industry, has been carried out for more than 50 years (Alsop 1983; Sutherland 1996).

Dextrans are used in the manufacture of blood plasma extenders, heparin substitutes for anticoagulant therapy, cosmetics, and other products (Leathers et al 1995; Sutherland 1996; Alsop 1983; Kim and Day 1994). Another use of dextrans is the manufacture of Sephadex gels or beads, which are widely used for industrial and laboratory protein separations (Sutherland 1996). Currently, L. mesenteroides has significant roles in both industrial and food fermentations.
http://www.morgboard.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=general&action=display&thread=824&page=11
http://genome.jgi-psf.org/leume/leume.home.html

Leuc. dextranicum  The constitutive mutants of Leuconostoc dextranicum NRRL B-1146 were generated by classical mutagenesis technique using UV radiation for higher production of glucan. The conditions of mutagenesis such as dilution factor and time of UV light exposure were optimized. Three stage screening of mutants was carried out and the mutants were grown and subsequently tested for glucan content produced after the second stage. In the first stage 137 mutants were picked by visual screening based on morphology and colony size and grown. In the second stage of screening, 97 colonies were visually screened from 137 colonies and glucan content was analysed by microtitre format. In the third stage screening, 11 higher glucan producing mutants were selected from 97. Finally, 3 mutants produced significantly high glucan content, out of 11 selected mutants. The wild-type strain gave 1.01 g/l of glucan using statistically optimized medium. The mutant 64 gave maximum glucan content of 5.1 g/l, 5 times higher than that produced by wild-type Leuconostoc dextranicum NRRL B-1146 followed by mutant 88 giving 4.24 g/l and mutant 9 giving 4.1 g/l.
http://coyoteuss.livejournal.com/50426.html
http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_microbiology/volume_7_number_1_31/article/mutagenesis-of-leuconostoc-dextranicum-nrrl-b-1146-for-higher-glucan-production.html